- Government- they play a huge role in creating a place meaning. This can be done on a national scale, where visit Britain is a marketing agency designed to present the UK as a tourist destination to increase the level of tourism in the UK. This can also be evidenced with Qatar an island. Local governments can influence place meaning by hiring place marketing teams. This could be evidenced with Devonport who wanted to change the identity of Devonport into a luxury seaside resort. This would change the place meaning of Devonport for the local people who had wanted to protect against the changes. As a compromise, as part of the regeneration project, they had kept a warehouse and converted it into a museum to serve as a place memory. Therefore, the past connexion of Devonport can still be represented today.
- TNC’s- when Costa Coffee sent plans to open a branch in Totness, this was met with a petition which was signed by 70% over the town in 2014 Stating that they would boycott the branch. This is because tautness had a strong identity with independent coffee shops instead of national chains, heads by allowing the chain to open up would attract other chains. This would turn the area into a clone town, eroding the place meaning that tautness has.
- Local groups- one way local groups can change place meaning is through the actions they take in their local places. This could be evidenced in Detroit, where the media had portrayed the place as a negative perception with high levels of unemployment and crime. Therefore, the local community came together to change this perception. They had converted 7 hectares of derelict land into over 40 community gardens, producing over 6 tonnes of produce which is then donated to local soup kitchens. This is how local groups can influence their negative meaning that outsider’s had of Detroit.