Tony Blair in the 2000s implemented a bottom up development strategy as well.
The other policy that was implemented was called area based initiatives in the form of new deals for communities. One of the area this was implemented was in Devonport, Plymouth
Devonport is a naval dockyard located on the Plymouth sound facing the channel waters. Is natural deep harbour waters made it an area that was built on trading with merchants similar to the London Docklands. As with the London Docklands, it had experienced high levels of economic prosperity prior to the Second World War. However during World War Two, it had become a strategic naval point as it faced the channel waters. After military cutbacks in the Navy, naval jobs were becoming unpopular. As a result, the Navy in 1952 had requisitioned the town as a storage enclave by building a 3-metre wall, which split the community in half. So, the oil crisis in the 80s and 90s had led to high unemployment and the area experienced a spiral of decline.
The new deal for communities was a £2 billion investment into 39 of the most deprived areas in the UK spanning over a decade. As part of the project, it had built affordable housing in hopes that it would lead to a positive multiplier effect. Also, it had invested in education with GCSE pass rates going from 19% to 45%. This was a key policy goal which parts of Tony Blairs manifesto.