These have a focus on magnitude, spatial distribution, frequency and predictability
Spatial distribution- these form anywhere where there are margins. 90% of volcanic eruptions happen in the Ring of Fire
Magnitude- the intensity of an eruption is dependant on the type of margin. At a convergent margin, there magma will be and ascitic, hence the only way for the magma to erupt is through building up pressure to burst through the crust . The time period needed for the pressure to build up can be centuries. Whereas, at diverging margins the lava can ooze out, hence effusive eruptions are more common. At shield volcanoes , these lava flows can be daily.
Frequency -at convergent margins, the magma has to build up pressure before it can erupt . Therefore, these planina options are less common. Effusive eruptions at diverging margins can occur daily because how of how easily the magma can ooze out.
Predictability- size oh metres can be used to forecast when an eruption is due. For example, after the 2002 Mount Nyriagongo eruption, increased monitoring predicted an eruption soon after which it did in 2021. We can measure the amount of sulphur gas coming out of the mouth to indicate an eruption is due. Satellites or drones can be used to measure the heat signatures from the mouth.
Risk Management
- Mitigation- the us of lava channels and lava shelters
- Preparedness- having evacuation procedures and practising them, trained workers, stock piles of emergency supplies
- Adaptation- having exclusion zones like in Montserrat
- Prevention- you can’t prevent an eruption